His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit. When Frederick Barbarossa succeeded his uncle in 1152, there seemed to be excellent prospects for ending the feud, since he was a Welf on his mother's side. Although the German kings had traditionally automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of Conrad II, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152. Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph. Barbarossa had the duchies of Swabia and Franconia, the force of his own personality, and very little else to construct an empire. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope Paschal III, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165. Rival states were in perpetual war. There began to be a generalized social desire to "create greater Germany" by conquering the Slavs to the east. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. [31] This expedition resulted in the revolt and capture of Milan,[32] the Diet of Roncaglia that saw the establishment of imperial officers and ecclesiastical reforms in the cities of northern Italy,[33] and the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III. Historians have compared Frederick to Henry II of England. [citation needed] As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate,[19] and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Each had an element of learning, without being considered impractical intellectuals, but rather more inclined to practicality. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. Re e regina d'Italia", Mondadori, 2009, ISBN 88-04-58676-1 ISBN 9788804586760. Despite proclamations of German hegemony, the pope was the most powerful force in Italy. [64], The scene was similar to that which had occurred between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor at Canossa a century earlier. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as Conrad III of Germany (1137–1152). In 1153, King Frederick traveled to Italy with an army. [12] Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. [43] In response, Alexander III excommunicated both Frederick I and Victor IV. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. [122] Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. [46] In the meantime, Frederick had to deal with another rebellion at Milan, in which the city surrendered on 6 March 1162; much of it was destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders.
Accounts of the event are conflicting. To install click the Add extension button. Richard continued to the East where he defeated Saladin in many battles, winning significant territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in north-western Europe, known as the Angevin Empire.
Some of Frederick's men put him in a barrel of vinegar to preserve his body. Each had a rare combination of qualities that made him appear superhuman to his contemporaries. [76] Later in 1184, Frederick again moved into Italy, this time joining forces with the local rural nobility to reduce the power of the Tuscan cities.
The next day, 18 June 1155, Adrian IV crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor at St Peter's Basilica, amidst the acclamations of the German army. Genealogy profile for Friedrich I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (c.1122 - 1190) - Genealogy Genealogy for Friedrich I "Barbarossa" von Hohenstaufen, Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (c.1122 - 1190) family tree on Geni, with over 200 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate, and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans.