[37], On 27 June 1997, at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, guided by rector Vladimir Litvinenko, Putin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics, titled "The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations". On 30 August 2000, a criminal investigation (number 18/238278-95) in which Putin himself,[76][77] as a member of the Saint Petersburg city government, was one of the suspects was dropped.
[519][520] Though his mother kept no icons at home, she attended church regularly, despite government persecution of her religion at that time.
Trump Ditched It, Making the Nuclear Threat Even Worse", "Getting Russia's nuclear strategy mostly right", "Russia's Claim Under Polar Ice Irks American", "Russia, Like Other Arctic States, Solidifies Northern Military Presence", “Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia's Civil Society after Putin's Return to the Presidency,”, Russia: Worst Human Rights Climate in Post-Soviet Era, Unprecedented Crackdown on Civil Society, "Russian anti-gay law prompts rise in homophobic violence", "The Chilling Effects of Russia's Anti-Gay Law, One Year Later", "Russia's LGBT Youth Victimized by 'Gay Propaganda' Law", "How the Russian Orthodox Church is backing Vladimir Putin's new world order", "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower", Sochi 2014: Putin declares gay athletes welcome, "Why Putin Sounds Alt-Right Though He Really Isn't", "Technology and Governance in Russia: Possibilities", "Oligarch-turned-activist Mikhail Khodorkovsky on the film about his life Citizen K", "For Russia, deepening friendship with India is a top foreign policy priority by President Vladimir Putin", "13th Indo-Russian Summit reaffirms time-tested ties: Russia & India Report", "Press Statement following the Peace Mission 2007 Counterterrorism Exercises and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit", Russia restores Soviet-era strategic bomber patrols, "After Russian Invasion of Georgia, Putin's Words Stir Fears about Ukraine", "Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin", "Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request", "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine", "Vladimir Putin signs treaty for Russia to take Crimea from Ukraine – video", "Russia President Vladimir Putin signs treaty to annex Crimea after residents vote to leave Ukraine", "Has Vladimir Putin blinked over Ukraine? How can that be? [362], In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Took Prime Minister office in August, became Acting President while remaining a Prime Minister on 31 December 1999, officially elected as President on 7 May 2000. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets. [498] Russian RIA journalist argued that "[Western] intelligence agencies (...) could not find anything". Other decrees concerned education, housing, skilled labor training, relations with the European Union, the defense industry, inter-ethnic relations, and other policy areas dealt with in Putin's program articles issued during the presidential campaign. [464], In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year. "[295] Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state."[296]. Putin's career rooted in Russian KGB. [234], Putin succeeded in codifying land law and tax law and promulgated new codes on labor, administrative, criminal, commercial and civil procedural law.
[236], Sergey Guriyev when talking about Putin's economic policy, divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his first term (1999–2003); the "statist" years of his second term (2004 – the first half of 2008); the world economic crisis and recovery (the second half of 2008–2013); and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russia’s growing isolation from the global economy, and stagnation (2014–present).
[23][38] After training, he worked in the Second Chief Directorate (counter-intelligence), before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate, where he monitored foreigners and consular officials in Leningrad. In 2012, Putin sought a third term as president and won with 64% of the vote.
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