Any practical distribution system, capable of delivering commercially significant power, will use voltage levels sufficient for a load center, based on the economics of the transmission path, the cost of power, and the importance of keeping a particular load center powered at all times. Many modern plants now use HVDC as an

forced generating plants to be near the loads.

Some doubted that the system would generate enough electricity to power industry in Buffalo. New York We’ll be hosting a Twitter chat on How the Grid Works on Thursday November 20 at 2 PM EDT. And none of that would be possible without the genius of both Tesla and Edison. The Central Electricity Generating Board in the UK maintained a 200 volt DC generating station at Bankside Power Station in London until 1981. [70] The difficulties of obtaining funding for such a capital intensive business was becoming a serious problem for the company and 1890 saw the first of several attempts by investor J. P. Morgan to take over Westinghouse Electric. [111] This was the building in which AC pioneer Nikola Tesla spent his last years, and where he died in 1943. That same year, the Niagara Falls Power Company (NFPC) and its subsidiary Cataract Company formed the International Niagara Commission composed of NYC Mayor Hugh J. To gain control of the Sawyer-Man lamp patents he bought Consolidated Electric Light in 1887. Edison's investors were consolidated with the incorporation of the General Electric Company in 1889. [102] Edison was becoming marginalized in his own company having lost majority control in the 1889 merger that formed Edison General Electric. Direct current also worked well with electric motors, an advantage DC held throughout the 1880s. Brown's December 18 letter refuted the claims and Brown even challenged Westinghouse to an electrical duel, with Brown agreeing to be shocked by ever-increasing amounts of DC power if Westinghouse submitted himself to the same amount of increasing AC power, first to quit loses. [83][94][95], Brown was not slowed down by this revelation and characterized his efforts to expose Westinghouse as the same as going after a grocer who sells poison and calls it sugar. The jolt entered through his bare right hand and exited his left steel studded climbing boot. [50] They ended up using Edison's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests. system because there was no efficient low-cost technology that would allow reduction of a high transmission voltage to a low utilization voltage. [18] Their patents included another major related innovation: the use of parallel connected (as opposed to series connected) power distribution. As the use of AC spread rapidly, the Edison Electric Light Company claimed in early 1888 that high voltages used in an alternating current system were hazardous, and that the design was inferior to, and infringed on the patents behind, their direct current system.

| Photo courtesy of the Energy Department. [1] Both were supplanting gas lighting systems, with arc lighting taking over large area/street lighting, and incandescent lighting replacing gas for business and residential indoor lighting. Brown argued that the AC system was inherently dangerous and "damnable" and asked why the "public must submit to constant danger from sudden death" just so utilities could use a cheaper AC system. [17] Transformers in use today are designed based on principles discovered by the three engineers.

It was backed by entrepreneurs such as J. P. Morgan, Lord Rothschild, and John Jacob Astor IV.

There were many rebuttals to Brown's claims in the newspapers and letters to the board, with people pointing out he was showing no scientific evidence that AC was more dangerous than DC.

Edison had invented a meter to allow customers to be billed On August 25, 1889 the New York Sun ran a story headlined: "For Shame, Brown!

Today our electricity is still predominantly powered by alternating current, but computers, LEDs, solar cells and electric vehicles all run on DC power. As a result of the successful field trial in the International Electro-Technical Exhibition of 1891, three-phase current, as far as Germany was concerned, became the most economical means of [105][106] These stopgaps were slowly replaced as older systems were retired or upgraded. attributed to collapsing overhead power lines in New York City. generation project: power was to be generated and transmitted as alternating current, at a frequency of 25 Hz to minimize losses in transmission (changed to 60 Hz in the 1950s). Back in the War of the Currents, scientists and businessmen are starting to see the advantages of using AC over DC, and Edison was not happy. [13], Using induction coils to transfer power between electrical circuits had been around for 40 years with Pavel Yablochkov using them in his lighting system in 1876 and Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs using the principle to create a "step down" transformer in 1882, but the design was not very efficient. [32] The City of New York did not require burying and had little in the way of regulation so by the end of 1887 the mishmash of overhead wires for telephone, telegraph, fire and burglar alarm systems in Manhattan were now mixed with haphazardly strung AC lighting system wires carrying up to 6000 volts. [32] A third of the wires were simply abandoned by defunct companies and slowly deteriorating, causing damage to, and shorting out the other lines. The last DC power transmission system in the United States was Many corporate technical representatives attended, including E.W. Before long, Brown was loaned space and equipment at Edison's West Orange, New Jersey laboratory, as well as laboratory assistant Arthur Kennelly. Years after DC had lost the "war of the currents," in 1903, his film crew made a movie of the electrocution with high voltage AC, supervised by Edison

generator and load. On June 8, Brown was lobbying in person before the New York Board of Electrical Control, asking that his letter to the paper be read into the meeting's record and demanding severe regulations on AC including limiting power to 300 volts, a level that would make AC next to useless for transmission. By 1889 Edison's Electric's own subsidiaries were lobbying to add AC power transmission to their systems and in October 1890 Edison Machine Works began developing AC-based equipment. decommissioned in 2007. None of the previous polyphase alternating current transmission demonstration projects were on the scale of power available from Niagara: On November 16, 1896, electrical power was transmitted to industries in Buffalo from the hydroelectric generators at the Edward Dean Adams Station at Niagara Falls.

This article is about the battle between electrical distribution methods. This was the building in which AC pioneer

During the initial years of electricity distribution, Edison's direct current was the standard for the United States, and Edison did not want to lose the associated patent royalties. Higher voltages could not so easily be used with the DC Brown turned down the job of designing the chair but did agree to fulfill the contract to supply the necessary electrical equipment. [81] Westinghouse declined the offer. [67] In July 1888 Westinghouse paid a substantial amount to license Nikola Tesla's US patents for a poly-phase AC induction motor[68] and obtained a patent option on Galileo Ferraris' induction motor design. allows generators (such as hydroelectric sites) to be located far from the loads. The New Yorker

Several companies founded by

The direct-current system generated and distributed electrical power at the same voltage as used by the customer's lamps and motors. [44] He worked with local physician George E. Fell and the Buffalo ASPCA, electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs, to come up with a method to euthanize animals via electricity. Tesla believed that alternating current (or AC) was the solution to this problem. Charles Proteus Steinmetz, a Prussian mathematician who was the first person to fully understand AC power from a solid mathematical standpoint. [75][76] It later included the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company. in state legislatures. Brown also claimed that alternating current was more dangerous than direct current and tried to prove this by publicly killing animals with both currents, with technical assistance from Edison Electric.

On Nov. 16, 1896, Buffalo was lit up by the alternating current from Niagara Falls.

employees, of Topsy, a Coney Island circus elephant which had recently killed three men.

The war of the currents, sometimes called battle of the currents, was a series of events surrounding the introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880s and early 1890s.

The AC lines were cut down keeping many New York City streets in darkness for the rest of the winter since little had been done by the overpaid Tammany Hall city supervisors who were supposed to see to building the underground "subways" to house them.[100]. [20][21][22][23] The reliability of this type of AC technology received impetus after the Ganz Works electrified Rome, a large metropolis, in 1886.[24].

for example, lighting and electric motors. enough to kill Kemmler, and only left him badly injured. New York City's electric utility company, Consolidated Edison, continued to supply direct current to customers who had adopted it early in the twentieth century, mainly for elevators.

In order to more conclusively prove to the committee that AC was more deadly than DC, Brown contacted Edison Electric Light treasurer Francis S. Hastings to arrange the use of the West Orange laboratory. "[37] Edison seemed to hold a view that the very high voltage used in AC systems was too dangerous and that it would take many years to develop a safe and workable system.