Learn about our remote access options, Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. For information about the structure and synthesis of terpenes, including terpenes of the invention, see Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Mark, et al., eds., 22:709-762 3d Ed (1983).
The biosynthesis of terpenoids can be conceptually divided into four different stages.
eCollection 2020. The glioblastoma cells were grown in RPMI 1640 culture medium and the other three cell lines were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, available from GIBCO). The preferred compounds are farnesol, geranylgeranol and the gernanylgeranol analog, phytol.
l-Menthol is known to increase the skin permeation of testosterone by forming a eutectic mixture with it (Kaplun-Frischoff and Touitou, 1997).
carbon is the carbon adjacent to the .alpha. carbon is not the carbon to which the --OH group is attached but rather the adjacent carbon.
Depending on the number of C5 units, we distinguish hemiterpenes C5, monoterpenes including iridoids (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (including steroids) (C30), tetraterpenes (C40) and polyterpenes (>C40). When patchoulol synthase (PTS), a sesquiterpene synthase from Pogostemon cabli L., was targeted to the cytosol in transgenic tobacco (N. tabacum L. cv. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. Volatilized terpenoids play various important roles in plant–environment interactions and plant–plant communication. Terpenes and cannabinoids are generated biosynthetically through convergent intermediate geranyl diphosphate. An excellent recent review (Tissier, 2012) highlights progress in identifying such promoters, and we will discuss successful metabolic engineering efforts with tobacco glandular trichomes below (Table 6). The tumor volume in mm.sup.3 is plotted against the terpene dose in gm/kg/day. If toxicity is noted, the drug administration is suspended. Direct application can be made topically. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone with an unusual endoperoxide bridge (Fig.
The vast majority of plant metabolic engineering studies involving the heterologous expression of genes with relevance for terpenoid accumulation have been performed with model plants for which facile and fairly rapid transformation protocols are available. The method of claim 1 wherein the terpene is phytol. By overexpressing the genes encoding both HMGR (enzyme of MVA precursor supply pathway) and ADS (first committed enzyme of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway), under the control of two different constitutive promoters, led to the production of a transgenic line that had a 7.7‐fold higher artemisinin level in a very low‐yielding genetic background (wild‐type artemisinin content 0.02% of dry weight biomass) (Alam and Abdin, 2011). Outre cette propriété odorante, les terpènes sont les molécules les plus répandu es et connues d ans les huiles essentielles pour leurs nombreus Such a chemotherapeutic agent could find application in treatment of cancers which are metastatic, locally expanding or locally invasive. A., et al., Regression of Rat Primary Mammary Tumors Following Dietary d Limonene, JNCI 76(2):323 325 (Feb. 1986). S. Narasimha Murthy, H.N. cultivated in different growth media However, the rate of tumor growth in the animals receiving 2.0 gm/kg was approximately half of that in the control group. Les triterpènes, contenant un nombre important de carbone, sont très lourds et donc difficiles à extraire par distillation de la vapeur d’eau, le procédé utilisé pour fabriquer les huiles essentielles. The authors speculated that the stunted phenotype in transgenic plants accumulating S‐linalool derivatives may have been caused by a dramatically reduced availability of plastidial pools of substrates for other terpenoids, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids and terpenoid growth regulators (Aharoni et al., 2003). Also included are terpenes having any leaving group other than pyrophosphate. Additionally, active metabolites of the terpenes are included. Diterpenes are formed from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) (C20), which itself is synthesized, by catalysis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, from DMAPP and three molecules of IPP. The tumor volume, in cubic millimeters (mm3), is plotted against the terpene dose in grams per kilogram of body weight per day (gm/kg/day). FIG. The structure preferably includes three double bonds, the placement of which varies with the substitutions selected. The animals appeared to tolerate the drug well and even at the highest dose level there was not a statistically significant loss in weight over the course of the experiment. Possible explanations would be that the activity of CYP71AV1 was modulated in transgenic tobacco plants (possibly because of the lack of the appropriate cytochrome P450 reductase, which is required for electron transfer to cytochrome P450 in ER membranes) or that an endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase/aldehyde reductase was preventing the formation of artemisinic aldehyde and artemisinic acid. The pyrophosphate not only acts as a leaving group, but the free pyrophosphate anion released acts as an ion-pair for the terpene carbocation. One of the carbon atoms is attached by a double bond.
The terpene is selected from the group consisting of a cyclic monoterpene, a noncyclic monoterpene, a noncyclic sesquiterpene, and a noncyclic diterpene. Acetyl coenzyme A is also consumed in a competing biosynthetic pathway leading to geranyl diphosphate. ) Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. Encouraged by these early successes, additional artemisinin pathway genes were transferred to tobacco. One pathway exploited by plants is the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to shikimic acid. (2007) introduced a geraniol synthase gene from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) into tomato (preceded by a plastidial targeting sequence), which was placed under the control of a tomato fruit ripening‐specific polygalacturonase promoter (Table 1).
A serial dilution of each terpene was made in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Acad. The United States of America as represented by Department of Health and Human Services, DETECTION OF BLAIMP ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE GENES, Capsid-free AAV vectors, compositions, and methods for vector production and gene delivery, Methods for the induction of ebola virus-specific immune responses comprising administering a replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus vector expressing the ebola virus glycoprotein. • Diterpenes: 4 isoprene units, 20 carbon atoms. Various means of assessing tumor growth are available including physical examination, determination of levels of prostate specific antigen, sonographic studies and radiographic evaluations. The word "rad" refers to an absorbed radiation dose equal to 0.01 Joules (J)/kg of the absorbing medium such as tissue. For example, Sa et al. The method of claim 1 wherein the cancer is metastatic. . The treated animals (open squares) produced a lower tumor volume as compared to the control animals (closed diamonds). Amorpha‐1,4‐diene was accumulated to 0.0009% of fresh weight biomass. Tobacco accumulates cembrane diterpenoids in leaf glandular trichomes (Keene and Wagner, 1985). Exciting progress has been made with regard to engineering terpenoid metabolism in plants. Because each isoprene molecule has five carbon atoms, it is easy to calculate the number of carbon atoms per molecule (Table 3-5). 18. This dose corresponds to about 2 ml to about 14 ml of undiluted drug. (2008) and subsequently introduced into a nonfragrant potato cultivar (Desiree) (Morris et al., 2011) (Table 1). Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. The strain name is Athymic MCR-nude. Beale et al. Based on experiments with specific inhibitors of the MVA and MEP pathways, Towler and Weathers (2007) demonstrated that both pathways contribute to artemisinin formation in A. annua.
This method includes administering an effective amount of a terpene to a mammal having the cancer. Example 2: Effect of limonene on various tumor cell proliferations. An overexpression of the gene encoding either of these transcription factors in A. annua led to a 60% increased artemisinin yield (up to 0.8% of dry weight biomass) in transgenic lines when compared to wild‐type controls. 4 graphs the growth of prostate cancer cells as a percentage of untreated control cells against the concentration of farnesol in μg/ml added to the growth medium. In general, sesquiterpenes are colorless, are insoluble in water and are more aromatic, less volatile and have higher boiling points than monoterpenes. Example 1: In vitro antitumor activity of selected terpenes against the PC3 human prostate carcinoma. administration of pharmaceutical agents that enhance the effect of radiotherapy. Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) T.I. This approach could potentially be further developed to release volatiles with the aim of modulating plant–plant, plant–microbe or plant–insect communications, thus increasing disease resistance. Owner name: Périco LL, Emílio-Silva MT, Ohara R, Rodrigues VP, Bueno G, Barbosa-Filho JM, Rocha LRMD, Batista LM, Hiruma-Lima CA. A more preferred range for the mouse is from about 0.2 to about 1.8 mg/kg/day. These monoterpene patterns could be indicative of stress reactions in transgenic plants (Burbott and Loomis, 1967; Clark and Menary, 1980; Court et al., 1993; Lange et al., 2011; Rios‐Estepa et al., 2008). Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to generate many useful botanical ingredients.
The cancer to be treated can be metastatic, locally expanding or locally invasive. A rapidly growing primary tumor that is not surgically curable can cause significant morbidity and mortality without necessarily metastasizing. Synthetic Routes to Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway Intermediates and Downstream Isoprenoids. Each dose was further diluted 100 times with culture medium. . Many enzymes are involved in biosynthetic pathways for terpene chain elongation, cyclization, and functionalization, but the main enzyme involved in fungal terpene biosynthesis is terpene cyclase (TC) (Hoffmeister and Keller, 2007). The invention examined the effect on prostate tumor cells of treatment with limonene, farnesol and phytol. The placement of the double bonds varies with the substitution of the R groups. Alternatively, the terpene can be presented in encapsulated form, in a syrup, a gel, a lozenge or other conventional means for delivering oral medication.